Perl

Reading

http://www.perl.org/books/beginning-perl/

Perl

Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister

Larry Wall wrote it.

useful commands

scalar localtime # Generate date

variables

the three types of variables in Perl are:

scalars = numbers, strings, or references    denoted $ 
arrays = sequentially-numbered lists of scalars     denoted @
hashes.= key-referenced lists of scalars     denoted %

boolean operators

Operator                   Num     Str
--------------------------------------
Equal                      ==      eq
Not equal                  !=      ne
Less than                   <      lt
Greater than                >      gt
Less than or equal to      <=      le
Greater than or equal to   >=      ge

man pages

perl      - overview               perlfaq   - frequently asked questions
perltoc   - doc TOC                perldata  - data structures
perlsyn   - syntax                 perlop    - operators and precedence
perlrun   - execution              perlfunc  - builtin functions
perltrap  - traps for the unwary   perlstyle - style guide

"perldoc" and "perldoc -f"

cpan

Comprehensive perl archive network

Perl kurs

Christer Ekholm
First two letters and first letter of last name@init.se
TIMTOWTDI (There Is More Than One Way To Do It)

Dictionary

regexp		regular expression . a* a? ^a a$,perls RE för andra.
semantik	meaning that is expressed in a language and words
notation	ways to represent a mathematical equation
analogi		motsvarighet, nagot svart beskrivs enkelt
iteration	upprepning
deklarera	förklara
definera	definera subrutiner
context		sammanhang
explicit	uttryckligen
implicit	underförstått
logiska operatorer	and,or,not,||,&&,!
aritmetisk	+-/*
bitoperatorer	AND,OR,XOR,leftand right shift.
re		reguljära utryck, mönsterpassning.
statement	If functions are the verbs of Perl, then statements are the sentences.
scalar literal constant	varaiable that cant change
interpolated	Variable has been expanded
Boolean operators	The idea of combining values that represent truth and falsehood is called Boolean logic,after George Boole, who invented the concept in 1847, and we call the operators that do the combining 'Boolean operators'.

functions (Commands operator)

rename($target,$target.".old")   # Rename a file.
glob("*l");   # List all files ending with l
print $_, " " x (30-length($_));   # The length of the file name plus the number of spaces will always add up to thirty, so we have nicely arranged columns

comparison

#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
print"Is two equal to four? ", 2 == 4, "\n";
print "OK, then, is six equal to six? ", 6 == 6, "\n";
print"So, two isn't equal to four? ", 2 != 4, "\n";
print"Five is more than six? ", 5 > 6, "\n";
print "Seven is less than sixteen? ", 7 < 16, "\n";
print "Two is equal to two? ", 2 == 2, "\n";
print "One is more than one? ", 1 > 1, "\n";
print "Six is not equal to seven? ", 6 != 7, "\n";
print"Seven is less than or equal to sixteen? ", 7 <= 16, "\n";
print "Two is more than or equal to two? ", 2 >= 2, "\n";

Is two equal to four?
OK, then, is six equal to six? 1
So, two isn't equal to four? 1
Five is more than six?
Seven is less than sixteen? 1
Two is equal to two? 1
One is more than one?
Six is not equal to seven? 1
Seven is less than or equal to sixteen? 1
Two is more than or equal to two? 1

print "1 <= 0 => -1", "\n";
print "Compare six and nine? ", 6 <=> 9, "\n";
print "Compare seven and seven? ",7 <=> 7, "\n";
print "Compare eight and four? ", 8 <=> 4, "\n";

print 6 > 3 && 12 > 4, "\n"; # 1
print 9 > 7 || 6 > 8, "\n";  # 1
print !(2>3), "\n";          # 1
print !2>3, "\n";            # 0

How to get information

perldoc -f variabler	Show help page for variables
perldoc -f -X		Show file handle test.
perldoc perlform	Format information
perldoc Getopt::Long	Show help for Getopt
perldoc -q		Letar i perl faq
perldoc perlmodlib	Lista inbyggda moduler
perldoc perlpod

Debug

emacs M-x perldb	Debugga perl i emacs
perl -d:ptkdb /scrpt	Debugga perl  

Perl code

use strict;	explesist namnge package variable
use warning;	show warning messages
perl -w		show warning messages
use Getopt::Long:	Use getoptions module

package mypkg; change package

Perl Oneliners:

perl -ne 'print if /a/'			Grep all lines containing a. (-n create a loop) (-e, allows you to define Perl code to be executed by the compiler)
perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC),"\n"'	Var söker perl efter moduler
perl -c kod.pl				Kontrollera koden.

regex

.		one key
^		beginning of line
$		end of line
/^[xfi]/	Starting with one x or f or i
/^[h-j]/	Starting with one h or i or j
()		Deluttryck
quantifier	how much a string matches.
?		Noll eller en gång
a*		a with 0 to unlimit a
a+		one or more a
{m}		exackt m ggr
{m,}		minst m ggr
{m,n}		minst m max n ggr
=~ m|^abc|	match with alternate delimiter a line starting with abc.
=~ 		Match regexp. If pattern found return 1 else undefined.
!~ 		Match regexp. If pattern is not found return 1 else undefined.
.+?		matchar så lite som möjligt

regexp modifiers

/i/i		matchar i case insensitiv
a.b		a any key b
^a.c$		starting with a any key end with c
X1*		X1 folles by 0 to many 1
^[]abc]		strings starting with any of ]abc
[^zxy]		Does not have any of zxy in possition
a{8}		aaaaaaaa
uttr{m,n}	uttr förekommer mellan m och n gånger
^ *$		empty line or only blanks

Special meaning

$		skalär
@		lista
%		hash, associativa vektorer
$#		maximun index in list
$@		string that eval generates.
\s		remove space,tab,lf...
\s+		godtyckligt
\l		Convert to lower case.
$_		Default output input, the special $_ variable, which is often used in Perl functions as a 'default value'.
$$		processid
$?		exit status
@_		variable to send to subroutin
@ARGV		argument list. ('-v','-g','10','logfile')
$|=1;		dont flush output stty
$"=',';		dubbelfnuttade listor
_		fil operatorer och stat kan återänväda stat förfrågan.
$.		Radräknare
$1		Delutryck som matchade
local $/	
@INC		directories to find per modules, add directory export PERL5LIB=/bin:/hej

&sub		subrutin
$var2=\$var	refere var2 to var
@list('a',1,$a)	add tree elements to list
@list([@odd])	add copy of list called anonymous list
$list[5]	6 possition in list
@list = qw<Jan Feb>;	Generate list

$hash{'var'}	element with index var in hash
%hash{'a'}='5';	add key a value 5
if (exist($hash{a})){	run if key a exist i hash hash
delete($hash{'a'});	delete key a fron hash
split(' ',$str);	split list output whith ' '

my		lexikal variabel, lokal variabel
$main::var	main variabel

styrstrukturer

• iterationer

while [EXPR] BLOCK
until [EXPR] BLOCK
do BLOCK while [EXPR]
do BLOCK until [EXPR]
for VAR (EXPR) BLOCK
for (EXPR1; EXPR2; EXPR3) BLOCK

• selection

if (EXPR) BLOCK
if (EXPR) BLOCK1 elsif (EXPR2) BLOCK2... elxe BLOCKn
unless (EXPR) BLOCK

sträng list konverteringar

join (EXPR,LIST)
@words = ("merry", "go", "round");
$str = join("-",@words);

split (REGEXP,EXPR)
$str = "sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh";
@fields = split (/:/, $str);
for $rad ( @fields ){
    print "$rad\n";
}

sub usage {
    print "use this command with optional -v"
}

&subrutin(15,101,38)	arguments are sent to a subroutin as a list

command options

use Getopt::Long;
my %opts;
GetOptions(\%opts,'v','g=i') || &usage;
print "$opts{g}\n";

sub usage {
    print STDERR "Usage: option.pl [-v][-g n]";
    exit 1;
}

globala symboltabellen

foreach my $var ( keys %main::){
    print "$var\n";

formatting.

my $rand1 = int(rand (90));
my $rand2 = int(rand (10));
my $rand3 = int(rand (50));
printf ("%6d %6d %6d\n",$rand1,$rand2,$rand3);

filehandlers

print "Who are you?\n";
my $name = <STDIN>;
chomp($name);
print "You are $name!!!\n";

STDIN   # Standard in
STDOUT  # Standard out
STDERR  # Standard error

Open a file handle for reading

open FH, 'filename.txt' or die $!; # Open filehandle for reading.

special variables, designed to give you a way of getting at various things that Perl wants to tell you. In this case, Perl is passing on an error message from the system,

Open file handle for writing

open FH, "> $filename" or die $!;

append to existing file

open FH, ">> $filename" or die $!;

open file for reading

open FH, "< $filename";

open directory

opendir DH, "." or die "Couldn't open the current directory: $!";

Now to read each file in the directory, we use readdir on the directory handle:

print contents of file.

my $file = "/tmp/test";
open(IN,'<',$file) || die "open $file failed: $!";
# Loopa på rader i infilen.
while ( <IN> ) {
    print $_;
}

diamond operator @ARGV

If no file handle is used with the diamond operator, Perl will examine the @ARGV special variable.
If @ARGV has no elements, then  the diamond operator will read from STDIN-either from the keyboard or from a redirected file.
#!/usr/bin/perl
# while (<ARGV>) # Could be abbreviated to <>
while (<>){
    print;
}

This <...> construction is called the diamond operator, or readline operator:

list files

opendir(DIR,"/etc");
my @files = sort grep(/x/,readdir(DIR));
closedir(DIR);

user external program

open(PING,'-|','/bin/ping -c 3 pizza');
while (defined(my $ping = <PING>)){
    print "$ping";
}
close PROG;

Backslash magic

\t          tab                   (HT, TAB)
\n          newline               (LF, NL)
\r          return                (CR)
\f          form feed             (FF)
\a          alarm (bell)          (BEL)
\e          escape (think troff)  (ESC)
\033        octal char (think of a PDP-11)
\x1B        hex char
\c[         control char
\l          lowercase next char (think vi)
\u          uppercase next char (think vi)
\L          lowercase till \E (think vi)
\U          uppercase till \E (think vi)
\E          end case modification (think vi)
\Q          quote (disable) pattern metacharacters till \E /\Q$pattern\E/
\w  Match a "word" character (alphanumeric plus "_")
\W  Match a non-word character
\s  Match a whitespace character
\S  Match a non-whitespace character
\d  Match a digit character
\D  Match a non-digit character

keywords

Words that perl is already aware of are called keywords, and they come in several classes.

print is one example of the class called functions

functions

hex() Convert Hexadecimal to number
oct() Convert Octal to number
ord() character's value
reverse () Reverse keypairs.
keys () get key value from hash.
sort () sort array
values () which returns a list of all of the values in the hash
each () which returns each hash entry as a key-value pair.
chomp () remove final new line.
length () length
exists () if key exists in hash
int(rand (90)) Generate a random number.

control keywords

There are also control keywords, such as if and else.

block

We can also group together a bunch of statements into a block – which is a bit like a paragraph – by

surrounding them with braces: {...}

number systems.

print 255,
octal print 0377,
binary print 0b11111111,
hexadecimal print 0xFF,

Alternative Delimiters

the first acting like a single-quoted string and the second, like a double-quoted string.

q// and qq//,

here documents

print<<EOF;
This is a here-document. It starts on the line after the two arrows,
and it ends when the text following the arrows is found at the beginning
of a line, like this:
EOF

Write label with 'EOF' and her text will be single quoted.

arithmetic Operator

#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
print "21 - 25 is: ", 25 - 21, "\n";
print "4 + 13 - 7 is: ", 4 + 13 - 7, "\n";
print "7 * 15 is ", 7 * 15, "\n";
print "249 / 3 is ", 249 / 3, "\n";
print 3 + 7 * 15, "\n";
print ((3 + 7) * 15);

21 - 25 is: 4
4 + 13 - 7 is: 10
7 * 15 is 105
249 / 3 is 83
108
150

lazy evaluation

Perl uses a technique called lazy evaluation. As soon as it knows the answer to the question, it stops working.

4 >= 2 and print "Four is more than or equal to two\n";

string operators

concatenation operator   print "Print " . "one ". "string " . "here" . "\n";
repetition operator      print "Andreas halfface! "x3, "\n"; # Andreas halfface! Andreas halfface! Andreas halfface!
1c # print lc("FuNnY StRiNg"); # convert to lower case.
uc # print uc("FuNnY StRiNg"); # convert to lower case.

precedence operators

->
**
! ~ \
=~ !~
* / % x
+ - .
<< >>
< > <= >= lt gt le ge
== != <=> eq ne cmp
&
| ^
&&
||
.. ...
?:
, =>
not
and
or xor

Operating and Assigning at Once

Operations, like fetching a value, modifying it, or storing it, are very common, so there's a special syntax for them. Generally:

$a = $a <some operator> $b;

can be written as

$a <some operator>= $b;

$a = 6 * 9;
print "Six nines are ", $a, "\n";
# Six nines are 54
$a += 3;
print "Plus three is ", $a, "\n";
# Plus three is 57
$a /= 3;
print "All over three is ", $a, "\n";
# All over three is 19

operator: Autoincrement and Autodecrement

++ and --

# First we set up our variables, giving the values 4 and 10 to $a and $b, respectively. :
$a=4;
$b=10;
print "Our variables are ", $a, " and ", $b, "\n";
# Now in the following line, the assignment happens before the increment. So $b is set to $a's current value, 4 and then $a is autoincremented, becoming 5.
$b=$a++;
print "After incrementing, we have ", $a, " and ", $b, "\n";
# This time, however, the incrementing takes place first. $a is now 6, and $b is set to twice that, 12.
$b=++$a*2;
print "Now, we have ", $a, " and ", $b, "\n";
# Finally, $b is decremented first and becomes 11. $a is set to $b plus 4, which is 15.
$a=--$b+4;
print "Finally, we have ", $a, " and ", $b, "\n";

use strict

use strict to verify that we declare variables.

Lexical variable

my $variable;

global variable

our declare globals

standard input to scripts

print "Please enter something interesting\n";
$comment = <STDIN>;

array

array consistes of a list of elements

hash

hash. associative arrays look a bit like arrays where each element is associated with another value.

define hash alternatives

However, there's another trick. When your lists are made up purely from single words, you can specify them with the qw// operator. You can choose any paired brackets or non-word characters as your delimiters. The following lists are all identical:

('one', 'two', 'three', 'four')
qw/one two three four/
qw(one two three four)
qw<one two three four>
qw{one two three four}
qw[one two three four]
qw|one two three four|

defining word from hash

[-1] # Count from backward from end.
(19, 68, 47, 60, 53, 51, 58, 55, 47)[4, 5, 6] # list slice, Define words from list.

list allowed on left side of assignment operator.Right hand sid is build up first

($mone, $mtwo) = (1, 3);

$mone is set to 1, and $mtwo to 3. But how does this work? Perl allows lists on the left-hand side of an assignment operator – we say that lists are legal lvalues. When we assign one list to another, the right-hand list is built up first. Then perl assigns each element in turn, from the right hand side of the statement to the left. So 1 is assigned to $mone, and then 3 is assigned to $mtwo.

define series of elements to list

(1 .. 6)
The right-hand number must, however, be higher than the left-hand one, s
print "Counting up: ", (1 .. 6), "\n";
# Counting up: 123456
print "Counting down: ", reverse(1 .. 6), "\n";
# Counting down: 654321

stringifying

Forcing variables to make sense in a string is called stringifying them.

scalar context & list context

print @array1;
$scalar1 = @array1;

1. The first line is in list context. In list context, an array returns the list of its elements.
2. In the second line however, the assignment wants to see a single result, or scalar value, and therefore it is in scalar context. In scalar context an array returns the number of its elements.

change context

We can force something to be in scalar context when it expects to be in list context by using the scalar operator.

print @array1;
print scalar @array1;

Do you want a scalar or array

my @days = qw(Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday);
print "@days[1, 3, 5]", "\n";
# Tuesday Thursday Saturday
print scalar $days[3], "\n";
# Thursday
print "@days[0..3]", "\n";
# Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
print "$days[6]", "\n";
# Sunday

The prime rule is this: the prefix represents what you want to get, not what you've got. So @ represents a list of values, and $ represents a single scalar. Hence, when we're getting a single scalar from an array, we never prefix the variable with @ – that would mean a list. A single scalar is always prefixed with a $.

array index/array subscript

[3] We call the number in the square brackets the array index or array subscript.

for loop(foreach)

my @array = qw(America Asia Europe Africa);
my $element;
for $element (@array) {
print $element, "\n";
}

for loop example

my @array=(10, 20, 30, 40);
print "Before: @array\n";
for (@array) { $_ *= 2 }
print "After: @array\n";

The block must start with an opening brace and end with a closing brace, and the list or array that we're running over must be surrounded by parentheses. If we don't supply an iterator variable of our own, perl uses the special $_ variable, which is often used in Perl functions as a 'default value'. Note that the for loop doesn't require a semicolon after the block. So, when processing a for loop, perl makes the iterator a copy of each element of the list or array in turn, and then runs the block. If the block happens to change the value of the iterator, the corresponding array element changes as well. We can double each element of an array like this:

push/pop

pop  We use pop @array to remove the top element from the array and it returns that element
push @array, $scalar will add the scalar onto the top of the stack.
# push @pileofpaper, "leaflet", "bank statement";

Shift and Unshift

First we unshift() an element onto the array, and the element appears at the beginning of the list.
We then use shift to take off the first element, ignoring what it was.

sort

my @unsorted = (1, 2, 11, 24, 3, 36, 40, 4);
my @string = sort { $a cmp $b } @unsorted;
print "String sort: @string\n";
my @number = sort { $a <=> $b } @unsorted;
print "Numeric sort: @number\n";

String sort: 1 11 2 24 3 36 4 40
Numeric sort: 1 2 3 4 11 24 36 40

Hashes

Define a hash.

my %where=(
        Gary     => "Dallas",
        Lucy     => "Exeter",
        Ian      => "Reading",
        Samantha => "Oregon"
);

If we want to make the relationship a little clearer, as well as highlighting the fact that we're dealing with a hash, we can use the => operator. the => operator acts like a 'quoting comma'. Essentially, it's a comma, but whatever appears on the left hand side of it is treated as a double-quoted string:

# Add to hash
$where{Eva} = "Uxbridge";

# Delete from hash
delete $where{Lucy};

convert array to hash

Because hashes and arrays are both built from structures that look like lists, you can convert between them, from array to hash like this:

@array = qw(Gary Dallas Lucy Exeter Ian Reading Samantha Oregon);
%where = @array;

And then back to an array, like so:

@array = %where;

lookup value in hash

"Gary lives in ", $where{Gary}, "\n";

iterating hashes

This gives us a list of the keys (all of the scalars on the left-hand

 keys (%hash).

This will iterate on all hash keys.

my %where=(
        Gary     => "Dallas",
        Lucy     => "Exeter",
        Ian      => "Reading",
        Samantha => "Oregon"
);
for (keys %where) {
        print "$_ lives in $where{$_}\n";
}

if

if ( <some test> ) {
<do something>
}

If key does not exist exit.

if (not exists $rates{$to}) {
die "I don't know anything about $to as a currency\n";
}

conditions

An empty string, "", is false.
The number zero and the string "0" are both false.
An empty list, (), is false.
The undefined value is false.
Everything else is true.

tests

if variable is definee

if (defined $a) {
print "\$a has a value.\n";
}

Logical Conjunctions

Join together several tests into one, by the use of the logical operators. Here's a summary of those:

$a and $b True if both $a and $b are true.
$a or $b True if either of $a or $b, or both are true.
not $a True if $a is not true.

if (not exists $rates{$to})

# Another way of saying if not exist
unless (exists $rates{$to}) {
die "I don't know anything about {$to} as a currency\n";
}

Multiple Choice

else

if ($password eq $guess) {
  print "Pass, friend.\n";
} else {
  die "Go away, imposter!\n";
}

elseif

if ( <condition 1> ) {
  <action>
} elsif ( <condition 2> ) {
  <second action>
} elsif ( <condition 3> ) {
...
} else {
  <if all else fails>
}

last

The keyword last in the body will break out of the loop.

next

If you want to skip the rest of the processing of the body, but don't want to exit the loop, you can use next

label

A label goes before the for, while, or until of a loop, and ends with a colon.
OUTER: while (<STDIN>) {
chomp;
INNER: for my $check (@getout) {
last if $check eq $_;
}

metacharacters

. * ? + [ ] ( ) { } ^ $ | \

character classes

\d   [0-9]         Digits 0 to 9.
\w   [0-9A-Za-z_]  A 'word' character allowable in a Perl variable name.
\s   [ \t\n\r]     A whitespace character that is, a space, a tab, a newline or a return.
\D   [^0-9]        Any non-digit.
\W   [^0-9A-Za-z_] A non-'word' character.
\S   [^ \t\n\r]    A non-blank character.
\b                 Wordboundry

posix

 [[:alpha:]]   [a-zA-Z]       An alphabetic character.
 [[:alnum:]]   [0-9A-Za-z]    An alphabetic or numeric character.
 [[:digit:]]   \d             A digit, 0-9.
 [[:lower:]]   [a-z]          A lower case letter.
 [[:upper:]]   [A-Z]          An upper case letter.
 [[:punct:]]   [!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@\[\\\]^_`{|}~]   A punctuation character – note the escaped characters [, \, and ]

regexp matching

1. The regular expression engine starts as soon as it can, grabs as much as it can, then tries to finish as soon as it can, while taking the first decision available to it.

'ye(s|t)'   The text matches the pattern 'ye(s|t)'
(andreas)?  Match andreas or nothing.

quantifiers

?   One or none.
+   One or more.
*   Zero or unlimited
\s{2,3}  Space 2 to 3 times.
{2,} '2 or more'
{,3} '3 or fewer'
{9}   Match 9 times.

backreference

Each time it sees a set of parentheses, it copies the matched text inside into a numbered variable –
the first matched group goes in $1, the second group in $2, and so on. By looking at these variables, which we call the backreference variables,

greedy

(.*?)   Search for any key zero or more times. Match as little as possible.(non greedy)

substitution

s/regexp/substitute/     Substitute first occurance of regexp with substitute
s/regexp/substitute/g    Substitute regexp with substitute globally.
s/(\w+)\s+(\w+)/$2 $1/;  Substitute with backreference. Swap the first two words.
s{old text}{new text}g;  Changed delimiters. Pair delimiters.
s{old text}
{new text}g;             You can have new line or space between delimiters.

regexp modifiers

/i   Case insensitive
/m   treat the string as multiple lines.
/s   treat the string as a single line.
/g   match multiple times.
/x   allow the use of whitespace and comments inside a match.

split

my @fields = split /:/, $passwd;   Create array with each field of passwd

join

my $passwd2 = join "#", @fields;

transliteration

$string =~ tr/0-9/a-j/;   "2011064" into "cabbage"
$string =~ tr/ //d;       Remove spaces.

inline modifiers

inline comments

(?#)   Example: /^Today's (?# This is ignored, by the way)date:/
(?i)one way to do it!

inline case insensetive

(?i)one way to do it!

Disable backreference

/(?:X-)?Topic: (\w+)/;   # Disable first back reference.

Lookaheads and Lookbehinds

s/fish cake/cream cake/   # These do the same thing.
/fish(?= cake)/           # These do the same thing.

input record separator

$/ is called the 'input record separator'
$/ = "\n%\n";   # Record separator is now an empty %.
$/ = undef;     # Undefine input record separator.
What the star – or, to give it its proper name, the glob – does is actually very subtle:

glob *

*a = *b makes everything called a – that is $a, @a, %a, and the filehandle called a –
into an alias for everything called b. This is more than just setting them to the same
value – it makes them the same thing

select

select FILEHANDLE; #  change the default filehandle

buffering

$| = 1; # Perl turns off buffering for the currently selected filehandle.

Opening Pipes

open LYNX, "lynx –source http://www.perl.com/ |" or die "Can't open lynx: $!";  # The pipe symbol | at the end of the string tells Perl to run the command and collect the output.

file tests

if (-e "somefile.dat") {...}   # If file exists.

-e True if the file exists.
-f True if the file is a plain file – not a directory.
-d True if the file is a directory.
-z True if the file has zero size.
-s True if the file has nonzero size – returns size of file in bytes.
-r True if the file is readable by you.
-w True if the file is writable by you.
-x True if the file is executable by you.
-o True if the file is owned by you.

anonymous references

Anonymous References
To get an array reference instead of an array, use square brackets [] instead of parentheses.
To get a hash reference instead of a hash, use curly braces {} instead of parentheses.

So, referring to our examples above, instead of doing this:

my @array = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
my $array_r = \@array;

we can go straight to an array reference like this:

my $array_r = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

Likewise, to get a hash reference, instead of doing this:

my %hash = ( apple => "pomme", pear => "poire" );
my $hash_r = \%hash;

we say:

my $hash_r = { apple => "pomme", pear => "poire" };

my @array = ( 100,200,[ 2,4,[ 1,2,[ 10,20,30,40,50 ],3,4 ],6,8 ],300,400 );

notation shorthands

Instead of ${$ref}, we can say $ref->

matrices

$array[$row]->[$column] # chessboard matrics
$array[0]->[0]          # First row first column.

Autovivification

If we assign values to a reference, perl will automatically create all appropriate references necessary to make it work.

my $ref;
$ref->{UK}->{England}->{Oxford}->[1999]->{Population} = 500000;

Is equal to making.

$ref = {};
$ref->{UK} = {};
$ref->{UK}->{England} = {};
$ref->{UK}->{England}->{Oxford} = [];
$ref->{UK}->{England}->{Oxford}->[1999] = {};
$ref->{UK}->{England}->{Oxford}->[1999]->{Population} = 500000;